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Section 3: TAWS Alerts

Alerts are issued when ﬂight conditions meet

parameters that are set within TAWS software

algorithms. TAWS alerts typically employ either a

CAUTION or a WARNING alert severity level, or

both. When an alert is issued, visual annunciations

are displayed. Aural alerts are simultaneously issued.

Annunciations appear in a dedicated ﬁeld in the lower

left corner of the display.

TAWS Annunciation Field

Annunciations are color-coded according to the

TAWS Alert Summary table. Pop-up terrain alerts can

also appear during an alert, but only when the TAWS

Page is not displayed. There are two options when

an alert is displayed:

To acknowledge the pop-up alert and

return to the currently viewed page:

Press the CLR button.

To acknowledge the pop-up alert and

quickly access the TAWS Page:

Press the ENT button.

NOTE: To further capture the attention of the pilot,

TAWS issues aural (voice) messages that accompany

visual annunciations and pop-up alerts. Some aural

messages are conﬁgurable during installation of the

system. For a summary of aural messages, see the

TAWS Alert Summary table in Appendix A.

Forward Looking Terrain Avoidance

The Forward Looking Terrain Avoidance alert,

or FLTA, is used by TAWS and is composed of two

elements:

Reduced Required Terrain Clearance and Reduced

Required Obstacle Clearance

Reduced Required Terrain Clearance (RTC) Avoidance

— Reduced Required Terrain Clearance (RTC)

and Reduced Required Obstacle Clearance (ROC)

alerts are issued when the aircraft ﬂight path is

above terrain, yet is projected to come within the

minimum clearance values shown below. When

an RTC alert is issued, a potential impact point is

displayed on the TAWS Page.

CAUTION—Estimated potential impact in approximately 60

seconds after pop-up alert and annunciation. RTC/ITI caution

alerts are accompanied by the aural message "Caution Ter-

rain; Caution Terrain" OR "Terrain Ahead; Terrain Ahead".

Similarly, a "Caution Obstacle; Caution Obstacle" or "Obstacle

Ahead; Obstacle Ahead" alert is also provided.

Imminent Terrain Impact and Imminent Obstacle

Impact

Imminent Terrain Impact (ITI) and Imminent

Obstacle Impact (IOI) alerts are issued when the

aircraft is below the elevation of a terrain or obstacle

cell in the aircraft' s projected path. ITI and IOI alerts

are accompanied by a potential impact point displayed

on the TAWS Page. The alert is annunciated when

the projected vertical ﬂight path is calculated to come

within minimum clearance altitudes shown below.

Part Three: Section 3

TAWS Alerts