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Section 2: TAWS Operation

TAWS (Terrain Awareness and Warning System)

is an optional feature to increase situational aware-

ness and aid in reducing controlled ﬂight into terrain

(CFIT). TAWS satisﬁes TSO-C151b Class B require-

ments for certiﬁcation. Class B TAWS is required for

all Part 91 aircraft operations with six or more passen-

ger seats and for Part 135 turbine aircraft operations

with six to nine passenger seats (FAR Parts 91.223,

135.154).

TAWS provides visual and aural annunciations

when terrain and obstacles are within the given alti-

tude threshold from the aircraft.

Requirements

TAWS requires the following to operate

properly:

• The system must have a valid 3-D GPS position

solution.

• The system must have a valid terrain/obstacle/

airport terrain database.

Limitations

NOTE: The data contained in the TAWS databases

comes from government agencies. Garmin accurately

processes and cross-validates the data but cannot

guarantee the accuracy and completeness of the data.

TAWS displays terrain and obstructions relative

to the altitude of the aircraft. The displayed alerts

and warnings are advisory in nature only. Individual

obstructions may be shown if available in the database.

However, all obstructions may not be available in the

database and data may be inaccurate. Never use this

information for navigation or to maneuver to avoid

obstacles.

Terrain information is based on terrain elevation

information in a database that may contain inaccura-

cies. Terrain information should be used as an aid to

situational awareness. Never use it for navigation or to

maneuver to avoid terrain.

TAWS uses terrain and obstacle information sup-

plied by government sources. The data undergoes veri-

ﬁcation by Garmin to conﬁrm accuracy of the content,

per TSO-C151b. However, the displayed information

should never be understood as being all-inclusive.

TAWS Alerting Using the GPS Position/GPS-MSL

Altitude

TAWS uses information provided from the GPS

receiver to provide a horizontal position and altitude.

GPS altitude is derived from satellite measurements.

GPS altitude is converted to a mean sea level (MSL)-

based altitude (GPS-MSL altitude) and is used to

determine TAWS alerts. GPS-MSL altitude accuracy is

affected by factors such as satellite geometry, but it is

not subject to variations in pressure and temperature

that normally affect pressure altitude devices. GPS-

MSL altitude does not require local altimeter settings

to determine MSL altitude. Therefore, GPS altitude

provides a highly accurate and reliable MSL altitude

source to calculate terrain and obstacle alerts.

Baro-Corrected Altitude Versus GPS-MSL Altitude

Baro-corrected altitude (or indicated altitude) is

derived by adjusting the altimeter setting for local

atmospheric conditions. The most accurate baro-cor-

rected altitude can be achieved by frequently updating

the altimeter setting to the nearest reporting station

along the ﬂight path. However, because actual atmo-

sphere conditions seldom match the standard condi-

tions deﬁned by the International Standard Atmo-

sphere (ISA) model (where pressure, temperature, and

Part Three: Section 2

TAWS Operation