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current rates, the battery's conversion efficiency becomes less and it may not become
completely charged. The battery may permanently lose capacity over the long term.
The purpose of the bulk stage is to raise the battery voltage to a relatively high level (usually
referred to as either bulk voltage or absorption voltage). This number is shown as the Absorb
Charging Voltage on page 12. If batteries are in series, this number is multiplied by the number
of batteries in the string. This stage typically restores the battery to 85% to 90% SoC, if the
charge rate does not exceed the 50 Adc maximum.
Absorption Stage
Absorption is a constant-voltage stage.
It is established upon reaching the
Absorb voltage setting. The charger
limits the current flow to only what is
necessary to maintain this voltage.
A high current is required to raise the
voltage to the absorption level, but less
is required to maintain it there. As long
as the absorption level is maintained,
the requirement tends to decrease,
causing a tapering current. The
amount of absorption current will vary
with conditions, but will typically
decrease to a very low number. This
"tops off the tank", leaving the battery
at 100% SoC.
The battery is considered to be full
when the following conditions are met:
The charge current must taper down to
a level between 1% and 2% of the total
battery amp-hours (while maintaining
the absorption voltage). The charger
can then exit absorption to the next stage.
Not all chargers measure this in amperes. Many chargers hold the absorption for a timed period
(often two hours), assuming that the current will taper down by then. However, if the charge
ends before the current tapers to the desired level, the battery may not reach 100% SoC.
Repeated failure to charge the batteries to 100% will result in decreased battery life. If possible,
use a DC ammeter to observe and time the current as it tapers down. The absorption timer can
then be set accordingly.
Float Stage
The float stage is a maintenance stage which ensures the battery remains fully charged. Left
with no maintenance, the battery will tend to slowly lose its charge. The float stage provides
current to counter this self-discharge. As with the absorption stage, float is a constant-voltage
stage which supplies only enough current to maintain the designated voltage.
The voltage requirements for float stage are much lower than for bulk and absorption. This
number is shown as the Float Charging Voltage on page 12. The float stage should provide
enough current to maintain the appropriate voltage. If batteries are in series, this number
should be multiplied by the number of batteries in the string.
900-0227-01-00 Rev A
EnergyCell Batteries
DC Volts
Bulk
Hours (typical)
Amperes
(typical)
Bulk
Hours (typical)
Figure 8
Three-Stage Charging
Absorption
Float
Absorptio
Float
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