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Intel Microarchitecture Nehalem

Figure 10.

Intel

QuickPath Technology

Intel QuickPath Technology maximizes data transfer between the processors and other system

components. It replaces the multi-drop front-side bus and memory controller hub found in previous

generation architectures with high-speed, point-to-point interconnects that directly link the processors

and I/O chipset (Figure 11). Each QPI consists of two unidirectional links that operate simultaneously

in each direction using differential signaling. Unlike a typical serial bus, the QPI transmits data

packets in parallel across multiple lanes, and the packets are broken into multiple parallel transfers.

Each link is comprised of twenty 1-bit lanes. A maximum of 16 bits (2 bytes) are used to transfer data

and the remaining 4 bits are used for the protocol and error correction. Initially, the QPI performs a

maximum of 6.4 gigatransfers per second (GT/s) with 2 bytes per transfer, or 12.8-GB/s in each

direction for a total theoretical bandwidth of 25.6 GB/s.

Reliability, Availability, and Serviceability (RAS features) of the QPI include self-healing links and

clock fail-over. Each link has twenty 1-bit lanes that are grouped into quadrants with 5 lanes each. If

a persistent (hard) error occurs in one quadrant, the link automatically reduces its width to half (2

quadrants) or quarter-width (1 quadrant) using only the good lanes. This self-healing capability allows

the interconnect to recover from multiple hard errors without data loss. Unrecoverable soft errors

initiate a dynamic link width reduction cycle. If the clock fails, the link is reduced to half- or quarter-

width and the clock is mapped to a pre-determined data lane. The bandwidth of the link in RAS mode

is reduced; however, the link in the other direction can still operate normally.