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Sony PICTURE STATION DPP-FP90 Broszura i specyfikacje

Shooting the digital way

CAMERA SYSTEMS

ORIGINAL IMAGE

MINUS

CCD FIXED PATTERN

The original recorded image (left) shows noise. The secondary capture (center) reveals the fixed-pattern noise of the CCD.

Slow Shutter NR creates the resulting image (right) by subtracting the noise from the original picture! (Sample photos

for illustration purposes.)

Slow Shutter NR

Outstanding clarity in low-light shooting.

Captures shots where others cameras

can't – in low light or no light at all!

Image noise – unwanted flecks and specks

of color – is always a concern in digital

Most cameras are limited to visible light, but

photography, especially in low-light shooting.

Sony's DSC-H9 has no such limitation. The

In the dark, the strength of the desired image

NightShot system illuminates your subjects

is relatively weak compared to the "fixed

with infrared light, which the camera uses

pattern noise" of the image sensor. The

to record an incredible image. With the

Sony Super HAD

™

image sensor design

NightShot system, you can literally see in

works to overcome this problem with

the dark.

microlenses that maximize the incoming

light. A second Sony technology, Slow

Shutter NR, goes further still. After taking

your pictures, the feature takes a second

"exposure" of just the fixed pattern noise. By

subtracting the noise from the desired photo,

Slow Shutter NR achieves uncommonly

clear shots at night!

Anti-dust technology

Slow Shutter NR is a key to great nighttime photography.

(Sample photos for illustration purposes.)

Extra protection for the image sensor of

the a100.

Digital SLRs have a dirty little secret: dirt

and dust are attracted to the image sensor

surface, degrading the picture. Once there,

dust is excruciatingly difficult to clean.

That's why the Sony a100 camera has

comprehensive anti-dust technology. A

special Indium Tin Oxide CCD coating helps

repel dust. What little dust gets past this

first line of defense tends to be dislodged

by a unique CCD "shake" routine. The

result? Minimum dust, maximum clarity!

Even in total darkness (left), the NightShot system captures an image with infrared light (right). (Sample photo for

illustration purposes.)

The image

processor

EQUALS

DIGITAL CLARITY

The image sensor converts incoming light

into electrical voltage. But before it becomes

useful, this voltage must first be converted

NightShot

system

to digital. Even then, the digital information

goes through several processes before it

becomes a digital picture. Most of these

processes are undertaken by the "brains"

of a digital camera, the image processing

integrated circuit.

Analog-to-digital conversion

At first, the amount of light at each image

sensor pixel is represented by a continuously

variable, analog voltage. The voltage for

each pixel is converted into a digital sample,

made up of computer 1s and 0s. For each

sample, more binary digits (bits) result in

greater precision. Four bits per pixel result

in samples such as 0101. This yields a

maximum of 16 possible shades of color.

Eight bits (samples such as 01010101)

result 256 possible shades. Fourteen bits

(samples such as 01010101010101)

result in 16,384 possible shades!

CAMERA SYSTEMS

De-mosaicing

Setting ISO and white balance

Even with digital samples, we're still short

In film photography, light sensitivity and

of a complete picture. Because the image

color characteristics are largely determined

sensor typically uses a mosaic color filter

by your choice of film stock. In digital

array, each pixel is represented by a sample

photography, these parameters are largely

of a single color only (Red, Green, or Blue).

determined by computations performed

To arrive at a usable picture, we need all

by the image processor.

colors sampled at all pixels. The image

processor does this by calculating the likely

Displaying the picture

value for the missing colors by looking at

the adjacent color samples. This process is

called de-mosaicing.

One of the joys of digital cameras is the

ability to see the picture in the LCD monitor.

Before de-mosaicing, the camera has just

The image processor supplies the right

one color sample per pixel (Red, Green or

information both when you frame the shot

Blue). After de-mosaicing, the camera has

and when you review pictures you've taken.

Red, Green and Blue samples for every pixel.

The image processor can even convert the

Of these three, one is an original value

digital image into a video signal, suitable

and two are calculated. At 14 bits for each

for display on a standard definition or even

sample – Red, Green and Blue – each pixel

high definition television!

is represented as one of 16,384 x 16,384

x 16,384 or 4.4 trillion possible shades.

The challenge of speed

Conversion to a data file

Because the image processor is responsible

for so many functions, it plays a major role

Before it can be recorded, the digitized,

in the overall responsiveness of a digital

de-mosaiced data still needs to be configured

camera. In fact, if you shoot sports, pets,

as a computer file, typically in the Joint

kids or other fast-moving subjects, the image

Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) format.

processor can actually make the difference

This formatting is another function of the

between getting or missing the shot you want.

image processor.

The image processor is partly responsible

for three of the most important speed

requirements.

Analyzing the picture content

The image processor is also required to

evaluate the picture data to optimize various

camera settings. For example, the processor

evaluates the brightness of the image in

order to set the proper exposure. It evaluates

contrast in order to set the proper focus. And

today's most advanced image processors

can even identify subject matter in the image,

such as faces, for high-precision adjustment

of focus, exposure, flash and white balance.

The image processor calculates "in-between" values to assign a sample for all three colors at every pixel.

• Start-up Time: The time it takes from

pressing the power switch until the

LCD display shows the scene.

• Shutter Lag: The time it takes from

when you fully press the shutter until

the CCD captures the image.

• Shot-to-Shot Time: The time it takes

from the beginning of one shot to the

beginning of the next.

The challenge of noise

In digital images, "noise" refers to mottling,

flecks and specks of color that are unrelated

to the original scene. While the image sensor

contributes most of the noise, the image

processor is another factor. In addition,

smart processing can even reduce image

sensor noise.

Noise is critically important because it puts

limits on your photography. If it weren't for

noise, you could simply switch to a higher

ISO setting to shoot in low light without a

flash or to freeze fast action. Minimizing

picture noise means maximizing your picture-

taking opportunities.

The challenge of blur

Even when the camera is focused perfectly,

the picture can still be a blur. The culprit?

Camera shake. Any professional photographer

will tell you that the ultimate solution to

Continued on page 26.