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Minimizing Noise in the System

Hum is caused by amplification of the 50 or 60 Hz AC power line signal that is transmitted via the

magnetic fields around power transformers and power cables. RF interference usually comes from

inadequate shielding of cables or components. If any of these types of noises are encountered, one or

more of the following pointers concerning proper component positioning and grounding may be of use:

Ensure that each system component, especially the preamplifier, is located far enough away from the

other components so that they will not pick up hum from them, and that the AC power cables are not

in close proximity to audio cables.

Ensure that all audio cables are securely pushed into their respective jacks. A faulty audio cable,

although rare, can be a source of hum if its outer shield is broken or disconnected from an RCA plug

at one end of the cable.

The best "system grounding scheme" is to have your preamplifier well grounded to an earth ground

point and function as the system's main ground reference. Other system components are then quite

adequately grounded by being connected to the preamplifier's ground via their audio cables. Using

this grounding scheme can be as simple as just plugging the preamplifier's power cable into a three

prong AC outlet. However, if the AC outlet itself does not provide a really "good" ground, the

preamplifier power cable can be plugged into a three-to-two prong adapter and a wire can be run

from the tab on the adapter to the nearest cold water pipe.

Another solution to AC power cable "ground loop" hum problems is to plug the AC power cables from

all of the system components into a common "socket strip" (available from most hardware stores).

If RF noise (usually an AM radio station or CB transmission) is a problem in your area, an AC power

filter can be purchased into which some or all of your system power cords can be plugged. This is

done if the RF is coming in through the building's AC wiring. However, if RF gets into the system via

your turntable, you may have to use tonearm cables with better shielding. (This is tested by

unplugging the turntable from the system and putting "shorting plugs" in the preamplifier's phono

inputs before listening again.) RF noise is sometimes eliminated by simply moving the turntable or

other components to another location in the room.

Hum from a turntable is usually traced to an adjacent power transformer or a missing or improper

ground. Check to see that the turntable motor is grounded via a wire to the preamplifier's grounding

post - (or try removing this wire from the ground post if it is already connected there).