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Figure 3

PTA

Service providers that wish to terminate the ATM and PPP access protocols and route subscribers' IP packets into the

core network can choose either the PPPoA or PPPoEoA protocols in the PTA architecture. The PPPoE protocol uses

a PPP client on the subscriber PC and offers the ability to run multiple PCs (or sessions) over a single ATM virtual

circuit. Conversely, the PPPoA protocol ofﬂoads the client to the customer premises equipment (CPE). This makes

the conﬁguration of the PC much simpler, but only a single PPP session is supported per DSL connection.

PPPoX protocols are synonymous with the residential broadband market. This popular protocol provides a

well-understood method for subscriber authentication and IP address management. It has a strong legacy in the dial

market; consequently, many service providers are comfortable with its deployment. It also offers many features that

enhance scalability and ﬂexibility of service offerings. The Cisco 10000 Series supports a comprehensive PPPoX

application suite, including extensive AAA/RADIUS attributes to allow ﬂexible and scalable provisioning of services.

One advantage of PPPoX with authentication is service selection. Here, a subscriber can choose a destination

network or service attributes by selecting different logons or using a Web-based application. This capability is known

as Service Selection Gateway.

Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol Architectures

Many service providers offer access to DSL-connected subscribers for the purposes of wholesale services. In other

words, they give subscriber connections to the Internet service provider (ISP) for a percentage of the subscriber's

monthly subscription. In some cases, a provider will offer both retail and wholesale services. Retail services are

usually reserved for a service provider's own ISP and will use a PTA architecture, while wholesale services are offered

for alternative ISPs and use tunneling technologies such as Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP).

L2TP technology allows the carrier to present subscriber PPP sessions in bulk to the alternative ISP at a given

remote location, and ofﬂoads authentication and IP address management services to the destination ISP. In the L2TP

model, there are two main devices: the L2TP access concentrator (LAC) and the L2TP network server (LNS). The

Cisco 10000 Series is usually conﬁgured as an LAC.

The LAC is situated in the carrier's POP and provides aggregation for the Layer 2 access medium (such as ATM). It

also provides a PPP switching service for subscriber sessions into the appropriate ISP's L2TP tunnel (Figure 4). After

the session arrives at the destination ISP's LNS, the PPP session is fully authenticated and IP services are started.

Subscriber IP packets from the LNS are routed to the Internet.

The wholesale provider has little to do with subscriber connections. The main purpose of this architecture is for mass

transportation of sessions from the POP to the ISP LNS.

Subscriber

DSLAM

PPPoA or PPPoEoA

ATM

Cisco Systems, Inc.

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RADIUS/AAA

Cisco

10000

ATM

IP Network

Series